separation of Church and State is condemned as a heresy, and as the State is denied the privilege of defining the limits of its own authority, and as the right of the Church to use force is asserted, it would be difficult to set bounds to the empire which is its rightful heritage, and of which it is deprived by the irreligious tendencies of the age.1
Yet, in spite of its reactionary efforts, and of its antagonism to the progress which has made the centuries since the Reformation the most important in the annals of civilisation, the Church has still a part to play, more or less beneficent as its rulers may be more or less sagacious. Conservatism has its uses, and mankind at large has not outgrown the necessity of the bridle as well as of the spur. There were ages in which the Church was the leader in knowledge and enlightenment; that it has become obscurantist is due to the use which it made of its leadership to so organise its temporal and spiritual domination that further development of human intelligence could only be accomplished through revolt, and it thus became the enemy in place of the friend of advancement. The policy then adopted rendered a reactionary position inevitable, because in support of its theocratic aspirations it framed a system of dogma assumed to be of divine revelation and therefore unalterable as the will of God. Entrenched behind this, it has, with varying success, defended its position for more than three centuries. From the storms of the Revolution it emerged with centralised Ultramontanism triumphant over the particularism known as Gallicanism and Jansenism—a triumph which culminated in the Council of the Vatican. This was too complete, and since then signs have not been lacking of a growing restlessness which may be provoked to schism or may be soothed by wise concessions. The spirit of the age is not
1 Syllab. Dec. 1864, No. xix., xlii., liv., lv.
propitious for relentless discipline which will tolerate nothing but blind obedience, and the Church may find that only by yielding can it preserve its unity. The lesson of the sixteenth century should not be forgotten, when unwisdom cost it nearly half of its membership.
ABBEY lands, disposition of, in Germany, ii. 63-4, 66; England, ii. 91-2, 130; Scotland, ii. 164-5; confiscated in France, ii. 306-7; Italy, ii. 337 Abbo, St., of Fleury, inculcates beauty of purity, i. 176; murdered by his monks, i. 177
Abbot of Crossed Friars, immorality of, ii. 97
Abbot of Langdon, immorality of, ii. 88
Abbot of Walden, secret marriage of, ii. 105
Abbots, of Hungary in fifteenth century, ii. 19; execution of English, ii. 97; parliamentary, ii. 98
Abelard, description of monastic life by, i. 319; marriage of, i. 324; "Sic et Non by, i. 389; speculations ad- dressed to Heloise by, i. 433, note; on abuse of confessional, i. 436, note Abingdon, abbey of, i. 193 Absalom of Scania, i. 301 Absolution, marketable commodity in
Rome, i. 443; given by "soliciting' priests to penitents, ii. 272; by "solicit- ing" priests forbidden by Benedict XIV., ii. 274; by "soliciting" priests forbidden in Greek Church, ii. 274; by guilty confessors denounced, ii. 273 Abstinence (sexual) in pagan priesthood, i. 42
Abstinentes, heresy of, i. 20 Abuse of confessional (see Confessional) Abyssinian Church, customs of, i. 99 Accomplice, immunity of, i. 355, note Acephali, vagabond monks, i. 122 Adalbero of Metz ordains sons of priests, i. 178
Adam de la Halle on Alexander IV., i. 414
Adamites, i. 470
Adam of Marisco, i. 357
Adela of Flanders, seeks to enforce celi- bacy, i. 312; miraculous cure of, ii. 23, note
Adelaide of Savoy, Damiani asks inter- position of, i. 239
Adolph of Nassau, ii. 34, note Adrian I. asserts morality of his clergy, i. 153
Adrian VI., receives complaint, Diet of Nürnberg, ii. 34, note; reproaches Diet of Nurnberg, ii. 49; compares Luther to Mahomet, ii. 60
Adulphe, Frère, prosecuted for 67 offences, ii. 361-2
Adultery by ecclesiastics, Council of Mexico on, ii. 250
Adulterous wives, of priests to be put away, i. 27; of Calvinist ministers ii. 152
Elfric, St., of Canterbury, pastoral letter of, i. 199
Eneas, Sylvius (see Pius II.)
Africa, Church of, Siricius enforces celi bacy on, i. 64; celibacy not openly resisted in, i. 74
African Church, celibacy discussed in Carthage, i. 74; Donatist monks in, i. 118, note
Agapetæ, scandals of, condemned by Council of Elvira, i. 43; Council of Ancyra in 314, i. 47; arouse St. Jerome's indignation, i. 47-8; Epi- phanius testifies against, i. 48; worthy attention Nicene fathers, i. 48 Age, minimum, for vows, in early Church, i. 109, 116; in eighteenth century, ii. 302; for subdiaconate and priesthood, ii. 340; canonical, for women resident with priests, ii. 343
Agen, Manichæism in 1100, i. 244 Agnes, Empress, made regent, i. 224; deprived of regency, i. 235 Agumanes, Diego de, indecency of, in confessional, ii. 269
Agrippa, Cornelius, on the clergy, ii. 37; licences to sin, ii. 55, note; character of Roman prelates, ii. 57, note
Aix la Chapelle, Council of, in 836, i. 156; 817, i. 156, note
Alain Chartier, Archdeacon of Paris, on clerical morals, ii. 9
Alain de l'Isle, "Universal Doctor," on clerical morals, i. 396-7
Alberic, Cardinal, and heretics, i. 463 Alberic of Marsico, crimes of, i. 176 Alberic of Ostia, legate to England, i. 341 Albero of Liége permits priestly mar- riage, i. 295
Albero of Mercke, heresy of, i. 230, note Albero of Verdun, efforts at reform by, i. 318
Albert II. (Emperor) fines concubinary priests, ii. 12
Albert of Bavaria, asks for clerical mar- riage, ii. 195; presents request to Pope, ii. 208; letter from Pius V. to, ii. 223 Albertof Brandenburg,becomes Lutheran,
i. 457, ii. 63; founds hereditary duke- dom of Prussia, i. 457
Albert, Primate of Germany, ii. 63, note Albert of Hamburg, exhorts clergy to continence, i. 211; measures of reform by, i. 221
Albert of Mainz, addresses Frederic of Saxony on marriage, ii. 42; imprisons married priest, ii. 43
Albert, Miguel, and Mass of immoral priest, ii. 245, note
Albigenses, heresy of, i. 245; attacked by St. Bernard, i. 409; tenets of, i. 459-60
Alboin defends sacerdotal marriage, i. 51 Alby, heresy in, i. 464 Alcántara, Order of, i. 454
Alcobaça, Abbot of, head of Order of St. Michael, i. 456
Alcuin on disorders of Saxon nunneries, i. 190
Aldebert of Le Mans, shameless licen- tiousness of, i, 318
Aldhelm, St., on errors of faith and disci- pline, i. 188
Alemanni, unchastity of, i. 131, note Alexander II., estimate of St. Peter Damiani, i. 217; addresses Milanese on heresies, i. 253; suppresses the Liber Gomorrhianus, i. 219, note; en- forces reform, i. 237; is discouraged, i. 241; protects the Jews, i. 242; authorises war against priestly mar- riage, i. 254; sends legation to Milan, i. 256; efforts in Spain by, i. 371: sends letter to William the Conqueror, i. 329; death of, i. 242; enforcement of celibacy attributed to, i. 266 Alexander III., on married canons, i. 326; ceaselessly attempts reform in England, i. 342; strives with Bar- barossa, i. 393; on dissolution of mar- riage, i. 396; thinks of introducing discipline of Greek Church, i. 402; on hereditary transmission of benefices, ii. 174, note
Alexander IV.,on licentious ecclesiastics, i. 413; on corruption of laity by priests, i. 436
Alexander VI., character of, i. 428; grants marriage to Portuguese mili- tary Orders, i. 455
Alexander VII., on love-letters in confes- sion, ii. 267; on denunciation of a con- fessor, ii. 273
Alfonso the Wise admits clerical celi- bacy not apostolic, i. 14 Alfonso VI. (Castile) asks for a legate, i. 372
Alfonso VIII., expedition of, to Portugal, i. 374; becomes a canon and marries following year, i. 375–6 Alfonso I. (Portugal) founds Orders of St. Avis and St. Michael, i. 455, 456 Alfred on chastity of nuns, i. 191 Algiers, court of, decides on civil mar- riage of priests, ii. 324
Alphonso Liguori, St., on clerical cor- ruption, ii. 245, note
Altmann of Passau, enthusiastic papalist, i. 271; renowned for piety, i. 273; expelled by Henry IV. i. 273; returns to diocese, i. 273
Alva, Duke of, success of, ii. 73; issues commands to prelates at Utrecht, ii. 230
Alvarez Pelayo on Spanish clergy, i.
Amandus of Maestricht, i. 141, note Amandus, Bishop, papal legate to Spain, i. 371
Amaury of Bène, i. 469
Ambrogio Caterino disputes with Lu- ther, ii. 41
Ambrose, St., admits ancient custom of non- celibacy, i. 66; synod under auspices of, condemns Jovinian, i. 69; general of Order of Camaldoli, ii. 8; succeeds in labours for celibacy, i. 81 Ambrose, St., of Camaldoli and amorous abbot, ii. 8
Amedeus of Savoy, ii. 27
America (see United States, Canada, and Spanish Colonies)
Ammonius Saccas and Neo-Platonic philosophy, i. 28
Ammonius, St., triumphs over the flesh, i. 220, note
Amort, Dr., on morals in eighteenth century, ii. 266
Anaclet (anti-pope) enforces celibacy, i. 294 Anastasius
Anathema for disbelief in celibacy, ii. 204
Ancarono, opinion of, upon concubines of priests, i. 421
Ancyra, Council of, in 314, allows mar- riage of priests, i. 47; denounces agapetæ, i. 47
Andrew, Bishop of Tarentum, case of, i. 138, note
Angelric, priest of Vasnaw, publicly married, i. 162
Angers, demoralisation of clergy in, ii. 8
Anglican bishops, marriage of, ii. 146 Anglican clergy, restrictions on marriage
of, ii. 122; flexibility of faith of, ii. 140; evil influence of marriage of, ii. 145-6; position of, according to Macaulay, ii. 149
Anglican Church, the, ii. 77-149; Queen Elizabeth, estimate of the, ii. 141 Anglican ritual, marriage service in, ii. 122
Anglo-Irish Church, disorders of, i. 361 Anglo-Saxon Church, disorders of, i. 168; celibacy enjoined in, i. 39 Angoulême, amour of Archdeacon of, i. 325
Anjou, Council of, in 453, i. 82 Ann of Cleves, marriage of, ii. 115 Annates, increase of, by Popes, ii. 33; withdrawn by Henry VIII., ii. 85 Anse, Council of, in 990, i. 181 Anselm, St., on sacraments of sinful priests, i. 229, note; reforms by, i. 331, 332; exiled, i. 334; death of, i. 337 Anselmo di Badagio, afterwards Pope Alexander II., i. 235, 246; sent to Milan, i. 251 (see Alexander II.) Anthony, Bishop of Ephesus, crimes of, i. 90
Anthony, Archbishop of Prague, ii. 232, 235
Antony, St., retires to the desert, i. 105;
has many followers, i. 117 Antichrist, anticipation of, ii. 9 Antidicomarianitarians, heresy of, i. 68 Antoin, married canons of, i. 326 Antonelli, Cardinal, imprisons Panzini, ii. 326
Antwerp, synod of, in 1610, ii. 236 Apel, John, punished for marrying, ii. 49 Apocalypsis Goliæ, i. 345
Apollinaris of Rhodez, i. 132, note Apollo, compulsory celibacy of priest- esses of, i. 43
Apostolic canons on digami, i. 24; permit priestly marriage, i. 40, 44 Apostolic constitutions on digami, i. 24; allow retention of wives married before ordination, i. 28; regarding widows, ii. 27
Apostolici, heresy of, i. 105, note Apologie du Célibat Chrétien, ii. 299 Appeals to Rome, immunity caused by, i. 158-9; effect of, i. 398; forbidden by Alexander IV., i. 414; forbidden in
cases of immorality by Council of Trent, ii. 206
Ap Rice visits monastic houses in England, ii. 87, 105
Aquinas, St. Thomas, admits that Christ did not enforce celibacy, i. 13; on sac- raments of sinful priests, i. 229, note; on vows, i. 396, note
Arab monachism, nature of, i. 46, note Arabic version of Nicene canons, i. 111 Aranda, Council of, in, 1473 ii. 17 Arbuckle, Friar, disputes with Knox, ii. 167 Archembald of Sens, evil example of, i. 175
Archives, Spanish, researches in, ii. 249, note; recent access to, ii. 283 Arechis of Beneventum, edict of, i. 143 Aretino, abuses in Church of, i. 168 Arfastus of Thetford, i. 329 Arialdo, St., candidate for archbishopric, Milan, i. 246; accompanies Erlembaldo to Rome, i. 254; is excommunicated, i. 250; procures excommunication of Archbishop Guido, i. 255; put to death by satellites of Guido, i. 256; miracles at tomb of, i. 256
Arianism, celibacy under, i. 135 Arith, William, on abuses, ii. 155, Arles, Council of, in 314, i. 43, note; in 443, i. 82
Armagh, hereditary Archbishops of, i. 361
Armagnac, Cardinal of, Pius V. urges
Armenia, Council of, in 1362, i. 96, note; hereditary priesthood in, i. 96 Arnaldo de Peralta attempts reforms, i. 379
Arnold of Brescia drives Eugenius III. from Rome, i. 388
Arnolfo, a reformer, fate of, i. 424 Arran, Regent, favours Reformation, ii. 158; power wrested from, ii. 162 Artemis, celibate priestesses for, i. 43 Arthur of Brittany, a canon of Tours, i. 376, note
Artices, Thirty-nine, clerical marriage in, ii. 140
Articles, Forty-two, clerical marriage in, ii. 121
Articles, the Six, enacted by Parliament, ii. 111; heretics burned under, ii. 97, note; modification of, ii. 115; repeal of, ii. 117; popular call for restoration of, ii. 120; virtually revived under Mary, ii. 137; repealed under Eliza- beth, ii. 137
Arundel of Canterbury on Lollards, i. 476 Asceticism, foreign to Hebrew tradition, i. 4; of early Christians, i. 17; of heretical sects, i. 20; stimulated by Buddhism, i. 22; growing tendency towards, i. 22; Neo-Platonism borrows
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