§ 1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by

the validity of prescription,

the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance.

Question of inheritance examined,

4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?

5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of prop-

erty in moveables,

281

287

291

- only valid on certain conditions, which are not always

realized. The limitations considered,

CHAPTER III. Of the Classes among whom the

Produce is distributed.

§ 1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes,

. 301

302

303

CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.

§ 1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the prod-

2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land, . 307

3. Influence of custom on prices,

318

CHAPTER V. Of Slavery.

§ 1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves,

3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the

slave-owners,

CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors

§ 1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-

ing peasant properties,

2. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland,

CHAPTER VII. Continuation of the same subject.

§ 1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry,

2. in training intelligence,

-

CHAPTER VIII. Of Metayers.

§ 1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties,

2. Its advantages and inconveniences,

3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries,

4. Is its abolition desirable?

CHAPTER IX. Of Cottiers.

321

323

330

334

340

345

§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure,

396

2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nomi-

nal rents, .

399

straint on population,

3.- which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or re-

4. Ryot tenancy of India,

CHAPTER X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.

PAGE

§ 1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors, . 409

2. Inapplicability of this advice to present circumstances,

CHAPTER XI. Of. Wages.

§ 1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour-in other

words, on population and capital,

417

2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages,
3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply re-
straints on population,

4.

- which are in some cases legal,

-

5. in others the effect of particular customs,

-

420

421

6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labour-
ing class, .

CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.

§ 1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of

would require as a condition, legal measures for repres-

§ 1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of pop-

3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring peo-
ple: by education,

and by large measures of immediate relief, through for-

eign and home colonization,

§ 1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attrac-

tiveness in different employments,

2. Differences arising from natural monopolies,

PAGE

3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors,

4.

-

of the competition of persons with independent means of

support,

485

5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men,

6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from

combinations, .

491

7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom,

492

CHAPTER XV. Of Profits.

§ 1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and

wages of superintendence,

2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is

liable,

495

3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particu-
lar employment,

4. General tendency of profits to an equality,

5. Profits do not depend on prices, nor on purchase and sale,.

6. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages of

labour,

7. The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labour,

CHAPTER XVI. Of Rent.

§ 1. Rent the effect of a natural monopoly, .

2. No land can pay rent except land of such quality or situa-

tion, as exists in less quantity than the demand,

3. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return above

the return to the worst land in cultivation,

508

510

512

516

. 517

519

or to the capital employed in the least advantageous cir-

cumstances,

521

5. Is payment for capital sunk in the soil, rent, or profit?

6. Rent does not enter into the cost of production of agricul-

tural produce,.

2. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price,

3. What is meant by general purchasing power,

4. Value a relative term. A general rise or fall of Values a

contradiction,

5. The laws of Value, how modified in their application to

retail transactions, .

CHAPTER II. Of Demand and Supply, in their

relation to Value.

PAGE

540

541

1. Two conditions of Value: Utility, and Difficulty of Attain-

2. Three kinds of Difficulty of Attainment,

3. Commodities which are absolutely limited in quantity,

4. Law of their value, the Equation of Demand and Supply,

5. Miscellaneous cases falling under this law,

CHAPTER III. Of Cost of Production, in its relation

to Value.

§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multiplica-

tion without increase of cost. Law of their Value, Cost

of Production, .

-

555

557

2. operating through potential, but not actual, alterations of

supply,

CHAPTER IV. Ultimate Analysis of Cost of Production.

1. Principal element in Cost of Production-Quantity of La-

bour,

2. Wages not an element in Cost of Production,

562

- except in so far as they vary from employment to employ-

ment,

4. Profits an element in Cost of Production, in so far as they
vary from employment to employment,

5. - or are spread over unequal lengths of time,

6. Occasional elements in Cost of Production: taxes, and

scarcity value of materials,

CHAPTER V. Of Rent, in its Relation to Value.

§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multiplica-
tion, but not without increase of cost. Law of their