in their secondary use have long ceased to remind us of

their poetic origin?'

Note I.-Derivation (a flowing down or from) includes, therefore, in its broadest sense, all processes by which new words are formed from given roots. Ordinarily, however, grammatical inflections are not embraced in the term.

Note II. Where primitive and derivative belong to the same language, there is usually a change of form, of class, and of import.

Note III. - Composition, as currently defined, is the union of two words which are separately significant. But logically, a derivative differs from a compound only in having a closer unity. In the one case, a constituent has degenerated into a non-significant appendage, more or less corrupted and altered; in the other, it has thus far preserved, with measurable distinctness, its original character.

EXERCISES.

1. Make derivatives of the following prefixes and roots, give the modifying force of the prefix, and name the resulting part of speech: a, ab, ad, anti, be, bene, circum, con, de, e, ex, en, for, fore, in, mis, ob, out, over, pre, re, sub, syn, trans, un, under, up, with; ground, side, vert (turn), rupt (broken), tain (hold), tom (cut), join, judge, mount, cuse (charge), fix, sure, tribute (give), arctic, pathy (feeling), lie, cloud, cause, fit (deed), volent (wishing), jacent (lying), spect (looking), stance (standing), fuse (pour), vene (come), moralize, tect (cover), appear, ease, tract, please, press, gress, mit (send), pectorant (breast), pand (spread), fulgence (shining), rage, gulf, grave (scrape), tomb, bitter, brace (arm), get, sake (seek), tell, see, taste, discreet, noble, modest, patient, liberal, regular, flame, flect (bend), print, radiate (to throw rays), spell, use, cur, fer, pose, trude (thrust), law, cast, sume (take), ceed (go), pel (drive), enter, sonant (sounding), view, bound, strain (draw), soil, cor (run), gest (bring), phony (sound), able, bar, current, happy, hand, mine, hold, right, start, root, stand, skirt, live, dispose.

2. Join the following suffixes and roots, classify them, state what notion the suffix adds, and state to what part of speech both primi

tive and derivative may or do belong: ade, age, al, dom, ic, ion, ism, ess, ier, ine, ive, ix, ly, ment, er, ness, ship, ure, y, ate, ble, en, ful, ish, ous, some, fy, ize; hero, heir, create, abuse, operate, perceive (percept), adhere, chariot, visit, school, hunt, edit, widow, foreign, stock, mite, post, bond, parson, duke, king, poet, possess, precise, expand, despot, critic, heathen, case, punish, arm, bold, happy, moist, seize, modest, grocer, private (-acy), lunatic, nation, origin, part, music, affection, consider, change, honor, value, divide (divis-), accede, silk, wool, hope, play, lyre, adamant, boy, fop, fame, malice, pity, duty, contempt, tire, toil, mud, cloud, wealth, fabric, facility, vacant, grain (gram-), red, bright, ripe, glory, class, sign, right (recti-), special (speci-), modern, legal, familiar, botany, god, good, scarce, fearless, playful.

3. Join into compounds: wind, head, mill, strong, school, state, alms, house, door, key, God, man, like, snow, white, keeper, time, slave, born, wine, bibber, stone, blind, woman, servant, catch, word, in, chief, commander, land, high, love, self, star, day.

4. Classify the following compounds, then classify their members: red-breast, sing-song, dare-devil, handbook, rose-bud, drawing-room, spitfire, turncoat, instep, forethought, by-word, up-rising, welcome, make-believe, in-gathering, hear-say, sea-green, pitchdark, child-like, spirit-stirring, lion-hearted, far-fetched, over-done, fruit-bearing, rough-hew, brow-beat, length-ways, whereas, thereabout, somehow, nowhere, without, upon, into, back-bite.

5. Resolve the following into their elements (bases, prefixes and suffixes), and classify, where possible, indicating also the part of speech in derivative and primitive: flattery, ending, coinage, aloud, monthly, blacken, linger, hinder, terrify, colonize, amid, along, perchance, enfold, untie, distrust, lengthen, active, lively, carelessly, oily, untrue, blackish, avoidable, lawless, beautiful, woollen, Romish, wretched, director, idler, trickster, replace, reconstruct, perfectible, annex, forefather, irresolute, misinform, suppress, repress, impress, impressible, irrepressible, facilitate, intrusive, thicken, youthful.

6. Form derivatives from the following as bases, and classify both: body, glory, weary, grace, incite, control, swim, awe, giddy, like, just, day, marvel, reverence, face, flame, vary, merry, annoy

holy, come, bind, new, vow, obstruct, expire, swim, cat, thief, half, gird, fall, venture, Newfoundland.

7. Derive single parts of speech from the following and classify: sick with love, struck with fear, deal in pictures, with a mouth of gold, like a god, inspiring dread, hunt after fortune, abide by the laws, gaze at stars, tell the truth, tossed by the tempest, sees all things, bright like the sun, a bearer of tales, about there.

7

CHAPTER VI.

WORDS TRANSMUTATION.

A language has a life, just as really as a man or as a tree; as a man, it must grow to its full stature; . . . . as a tree, it will defy any feeble bands which should attempt to control its expansion, so long as the principle of growth is in it.-TRENCH.

THE

HE multiplication of ideas creates a perpetual necessity for enlarging the vocabulary. We have already considered the several ways in which exclusive of the importation of foreign terms-this enlargement is effected. We have seen how words may interchangeably assume different relations, how a given root in its turn may run through all the grammatical categories; as from the primary noun 'hand,' we have the secondary noun. 'handle'; the verb ‘hand,' or ‘handle'; the adjective ‘handless,' or 'handy'; the adverb 'handily.' No more convenient improvement could be devised for speech. In all these cases, however, the modification of meaning is accompanied by a change of form, internal or external. But there are many instances, and anciently there were many more, where a radical is employed in a new class without formal change. Thus the substantive 'man,' without the alteration of a letter, becomes a verb: as, 'to man a ship'; so from 'arm,' 'to arm a fortress'; and all are familiar with the active verbal use of 'saddle,' 'bridle,' 'bit,' 'house," 'water.' Many words, again, are nouns or verbs, according to the place of the accent:

The different stress is merely the conventional mark that distinguishes the different use. The first is logically related to the second as consequent to antecedent.

With extraordinary license, the English takes up words of any kind and class, and enriches its resources of expression by transforming them, at will, into nouns. Thus Shakespeare says, with his masterly indifference to any supposed fixed habit of English words:

Henceforth my wooing shall be expressed
In russet yeas and honest kersey noes.

And elsewhere:

The Cardinal is not my better in the field.

With equal freedom, a noun or an adverb is converted into an adjective. Who is not familiar with a gold watch,' 'a bottle nose,' a university man,' 'horse-radish,' horse-chestnut,' 'horse-laugh"? So Campbell's