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ject; that is, the subject according to the real meaning or logic of the sentence.

Note II. Since the relative clause is connected in meaning with the noun-antecedent of its relative pronoun, it must always have the value of an adjective, as in (5).

Criteria. How is the clause used in the sentence? As subject, predicate (after the copula 'be'), or object?— Then it is a noun. Does its meaning relate to a noun ?— Then it is an adjective. Does it throw its force upon an adverb or an adjective?—Then it is an adverb. Does it seem to be more closely connected with a verb than with anything else? Then it is either an object (noun) or an adverb. Can it be the first? If not, it is the second.

EXERCISES.

1. In the following sentences classify the italicized parts, giving the reasons why:

(1) He was so weak that he fell.

(2) Whither I go ye cannot come.

(3) The fact that he killed her is apparent.

(4) He is precisely what he seems.

(5) You err in that you think 80,

(6) We are quite sorry that it is so.

(7) The country whence he came is desolate.

(8) I know not whence he came.

(9) That you have wronged me doth appear in this.

(10) You have heard if I fought bravely.

(11) If you are honest, you will be respected.

(12) Why we the stern usurper spared I know not. But I saw a glow-worm near,

(13)

(14)

Who replied: What wailing wight
Calls the watchman of the night?'
He needs must think of her once more,
How in her grave she lies.

(15) Socrates was one of the greatest sages the world ever saw. (16) Youth is the time when the seeds of character are sown. (17) This is a proof that he never came.

(18) There are many things I might tell you.

(19) God was angry with the children of Israel, for he overthrew them in the wilderness.

(20) As I entered, so will I retire.

(21) Then think I . . . of meadows where in sun the cattle graze.

(22) Unless I am mistaken, it was he.

(23) They are better than we had expected. (24) I fear he will not succeed.

(25) I am certain he will not succeed.

(26) I found the book you want.

(27) Ye shall not touch it, lest ye die.

(28) The teacher praised you more than me.

(29) I will go if possible.

(30) England expects every man to do his duty' was Nelson's motto that day.

6

(31) He asked, Who are you?'

(32) He inquired who I was.

(33) For Brutus, as you know, was Cæsar's angel.

(34) It argues in what good plight and constitution the body is.

(35)

2.

Once a dream did weave a shade

O'er my angel-guarded bed,

That an emmet lost its way,

Where on grass methought I lay.

Determine the clauses and classify them:

(1) Who ne'er knew joy but friendship might divide?

(2) Napoleon, the man of destiny, died at St. Helena.

(3) He is not as clever as you.

(4) Be it a trifle, it will be well done.

(5) Do what I may, I cannot persuade him of my innocence.

(6) The axiom, that a whole is greater than its part, seems so

true that its statement seems at first sight, unnecessary.

(7) This news, if true, will alter our plans.

(8) Tears such as angels weep.

3. Tell whether the italicized parts are phrases or clauses, and classify each, giving reasons:

(1) To confess the truth, I was wrong.

(2) You have no right to decide who are interested.

(3) He had an axe to grind.

(4) I am thy father's spirit, doomed for a certain time to walk the night.

(5) The year when Chaucer was born is uncertain.

(6) Dying for a principle is a higher degree of virtue than scolding.

(7) They will call before leaving the city.

(8) They will call before they leave the city.

(9) Whose gray top shall tremble, he descending.

(10) They that touch pitch will be defiled.

(11) He came.

(12) Come.

(13) Because he came.

4. In two different sentences use the same word (same in form) as an adjective and an adverb.

5. In two different sentences use the same word as a preposition and a conjunction.

6. In two different sentences use the same word as a conjunction and an adverb.

7. In two different sentences use the same word as a pronoun and a conjunction.

8. In three different sentences use the same word as a noun, a verb, and an adjective.

9. Compose a sentence containing a noun phrase, an adjective phrase, and an adverb phrase.

10. Compose a sentence containing three adjective phrases,— one introduced by a preposition, one by an adjective, and one by a participle.

11. Compose a sentence containing four different forms of phrases, two being of one kind, and two of another.

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12. Compose six sentences,- two with infinitives used as nouns, two with infinitives used as adjectives, two with infinitives used as adverbs.

13. Compose sentences containing clauses:

(1) Three with clauses used as nouns,- subject, predicate, and object.

(2) Three with clauses used as adjectives,-a relative clause with the relative pronoun expressed, a relative clause with the relative pronoun understood, and an appositional clause.

(3) Six with clauses used as adverbs,—two modifying an adjective, two a verb, and two an adverb.

CHAPTER X.

THE SENTENCE - - PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS.

Truth, in my opinion, has been improperly imagined at the bottom of a well it lies much nearer the surface; though buried indeed at present under mountains of learned rubbish.- TOOKE.

HE Elements of a sentence

THE

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Principal Elements are those necessary for the expression of a thought,- Subject and Predicate. The subject is either a noun or its equivalent:

Conversation enriches the understanding, but Solitude is the school of genius.— Gibbon.

His studie was but litel on the Bible.- Chaucer.

When bad men combine, the good must associate.—Burke.

To be innocent is to be not guilty, but to be virtuous is to overcome our evil inclinations.-Penn.

'I cannot do it' never accomplished anything; 'I will try' has wrought wonders.-Hawes,

The predicate is

1. Generally a verb:

(1) Simple: Responsibility sharpens our faculties.'

(2) Composite: "The palace should not scorn the cottage.' 'No more shall grief of mine the season wrong.'

2. A verb and an adjective:

'Sweet are the uses of adversity.'

Iron is of great use =
Iron is very useful.

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