(71) He spoke in under-tones. (72) The day before was rainy, and so was the day after. (74) Knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. (77) Providing these things turn out so, you will win. (78) That there man's a fool,' observed Sally. (79) Round the rocks they ran, where the round bay, swerving round gently, rounds the rugged shore. (80) Full many a round they ran, and still cried 'Round!' (81) If thou thouest him some thrice, it will not be amiss. (82) He has not been here since then. (83) Love the good, the beautiful, and the true. (84) He was in the thickest of the fight. (85) Loved is a verb. (86) A rail fence, a stone wall, the then ruler. (87) The wall within and that without. (88) In the second place, after thinking a second or two, I second your proposal. (89) The moon is up, it turned up, and the boat sailed up the river. (90) He said that that that that that man said, was not that that that that man should say. (91) She wills me to give up my base vocation. (92) Think you I am no stronger than my sex, Being so fathered and so husbanded? CHAPTER VIII. PHRASES-LOGICAL FUNCTIONS. When, having passed over the original and composition of our ideas, I began to examine the extent and certainty of our knowledge. I found that it had so near a connexion with words that unless their force and manner of signification were first well observed, there could be very little said clearly and pertinently concerning knowledge.-LOCKE. A' PHRASE is any combination of words that does not include both subject and predicate, as, 'to sing,' 'of wisdom,' 'having crossed the Rubicon.' It is to be observed that groups of words whose meanings are closely united, very often, when taken together, perform the duties of words. Thus, 'The bear sprang hastily from his grassy bed '='The bear sprang in haste from his bed of grass.'Erring is human'=' To err is human.' 'Your mistake is deplorable'='Your mistake is to be deplored. Be good that you may be happy ''Be good in order that you may be happy.' 6 Hence we may arrange phrases in the same classes in which we arrange words. If the phrase is used as a noun, it has the value of a noun; if it throws its force upon a noun, it has the value of an adjective; if upon an adverb or adjective, it has the value of an adverb; if upon a verb, it is either an adverb, or a noun in the objective case, according to its use. Thus : - 5. To love our neighbors as ourselves is divine. 6. The cars having arrived, we departed.. Absolute (in form). Note I.-A phrase is frequently introduced by a preposition, a participle, an infinitive, or a normal adjective. The first is a prepositional phrase, the second a participial phrase, the third an infinitive phrase, the fourth an adjective phrase. Thus, (1) 'The study of history improves the mind'; (2) To forget an injury is noble'; 3 (3) 'Cæsar, having crossed the Rubicon, gave battle'; (4) 'He was a man generous in all things.' [The adjective phrase in (4) includes a prepositional phrase.] 3 Note II. Any of these forms, as before observed, has the value of a noun, adjective, or adverb, according to its use. When equivalent to a noun, it is a noun-phrase, when equivalent to an adjective, that is, when modifying a noun, it is an adjective-phrase ; when equivalent to an adverb, it is an adverb-phrase. EXERCISES. In the following sentences, classify each of the phrases printed in italics, as to office, and give the form, when there is a special form, stating reasons: Determine also, the base of the phrase,— the term around which the others cluster: 1. To die for one's country is sweet. 2. Exhausted by fatigue, we lay down to rest. 3. Resentment ties all the terrors of our tongue. 4. He hears the parson pray and preach. 5. Little Ellie, with her smile not yet ended, rose up gaily. 6. It is a thing to walk with. 7. You have confessed yourself a spy. 8. Dear flower, fringing the dusty road with harmless gold. 1 The whole phrase is adjective because it modifies the noun 'house'; 'on yonder hill' is adverb, as in (2), because it modifies the verbal adjective standing.' 2 A word used regularly as an adjective. 3 Strictly a form of prepositional phrase 'to' the preposition, and the rest an objective infinitive. 9. Something attempted, something done, has earned a night's repose. 10. 1 sang cheer'ly all day long. 11. I, who have Egypt-rivered this map. 12. In spite of all the world I will be brave. 13. With God there is no shall be. 14. Who, among the whole chattering crowd, can tell me? 15. It is not a time for adulation. 16. He falls, like Lucifer, never to hope again. 17. This once known, I shall soon return. 18. To speak plainly, your habits are your worst enemies. 19. This sentence is not too difficult for me to analyze. 20. I supposed him to be a gentleman. 21. She threatened to go beyond the sea. 22. 'Tis I, Hamlet the Dane. 23. Let us still the secret joy partake, To follow virtue, e'en for virtue's sake. 24. The phrase 'upon the rapidity of vibration' modifies the predicate. [Words and phrases in apposition are nouns in form, but adjectives in use.] 25. Returning were as tedious as go o’er. 26. Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast. 27. I'll have thee hanged to feed the crow. 28. What a thing is poverty among the fallen on evil days? • 29. Deep in the buried wisdom of the past he was. 30. Through the dark clouds the summit of the hill was still visible. 31. The gleaming rushes lean a thousand ways. 32. Ring in the Christ that is to be. 33. The melting Phœbe stood wringing her hands. 34. I looked in on him as I came from school. 35. I am set to light the ground. 36. Not in the regions of horrid hell, can come a devil more damned in ills-to top Macbeth. 8 CHAPTER IX. CLAUSES LOGICAL FUNCTIONS. The object we have, or should have, in teaching science is not to fill the mind with a vast number of facts that may or may not prove useful hereafter, but to draw out and exercise the powers of observation.-DR. MORRIS. A It CLAUSE is a sentence doing duty in another sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. differs from a phrase in containing both subject and predicate—it resembles a phrase in being used with the force of a single word. Thus, 'A person ignorant of his own language ought not to attempt to teach it'='A person who is ignorant of his own language,' etc.; 'He reported the death of the king'='He reported that the king had died.' Other examples are: 1. That the earth is a sphere is easily proved. Subject nominative. 2. Her answer was, 'Seven are we.' Predicate nominative. 3. She answered, 'Seven are we.' 4. I have come that I may see it. 5. Attention is the stuff that memory is made of. 6. It is strange that you should think so. . Object. Adverb. Adjective. .. Adjective. Note I.-Possessives and appositives, while nouns or pronouns in their proper nature, are adjectives in force, since they describe or restrict the meaning of some noun or pronoun. Thus the clause in (6) is in apposition with it.' In such sentences, either it may be said that there is true apposition, in which the appositional element, as a contained part, identifies or explains 'it' as the containing whole; as in the analogous construction of 'I, therefore, the prisoner of the Lord, beseech you,' etc.; or 'it' may be called the grammatical subject, and the appositional word, phrase, or clause, the logical sub |