and formed an irregular arch about 30° high, whose centre bore west (magnetic). From this it would seem that, as in the northern regions, the principal seat of the Aurora is not in the higher latitudes; and probably, in the latitude of 68o 5′ it will be found principally to obtain.—At 9 h. 53 m. a bright diffused light suddenly appeared from behind a dark cloud, and two or three minutes afterwards pink and green colours of considerable intensity were seen amongst it, principally at the edge! and before ten o'clock bright streamers darted upward from the cloud to the zenith, forming coronæ, and exhibiting bright flashes of all the prismatic colours, green and red being the most frequent and conspicuous. This Aurora had much motion, darting and quivering about the sky in rapid flights, and in every direction.-Voyage of Discovery, &c., in the Antartic Regions, in 1839-1843, by Capt. Sir J. C. Ross, vol. iv., pp. 266, 311–315.

EARTHQUAKE IN ENGLAND IN 1580.
(Concluded from page 519.)

III. COMPLAINTS OF THE MORAL EVILS OF THE PERIOD.

Bur, alas! it is far otherwise with us: we have grown in godliness as the moon doth in light, when she is past the full. For who seeth not the emulation that remaineth still among us for excess of apparel, fare, and building? Who perceiveth not the disdain of superiors to their inferiors; the grudge and heart-burning of inferiors towards their superiors; and the want of love in all states one towards another?

Who complaineth not of corruption in officers, yea, even in officers of justice, and ministers of the law? Is it not a common by-word, (but I hope not true, though common,) that as a man is friended, so the law is ended?

In youth, there was never like looseness and untimely liberty, nor in age like unstaidness and want of discretion, nor the like carelessness of duty in either towards other.

The boy mateth the man of aged gravity, and is commended for that which he deserveth to be beaten for.

Servants have become master-like, and fellows with masters; and masters, unable to master their own affections,

are become servants to other folks' servants, yea, and to their

own servants too.

Men have taken up the garish attire, and nice behaviour of women; and women, transformed from their own kind, have gotten up the apparel and stomachs of men; and as for honest and modest shamefacedness, the preferrer of all virtues, it is so highly misliked, that it is thought of some folks scarce tolerable in children.

Hatred, malice, disdain, and desire of revenge for the weight of a feather, are the virtues of our young gentlemen, in commendation of their manhood and valiantness.

Deep dissimulation and flattery are counted courtly behaviour; might overcomes right, and truth is trodden underfoot.

Idleness and pride bring daily infinite numbers to that point, that they had rather rob and be shamefully hanged, than labour to live with honesty.

Usury, the consumer of private estates, and the confounder of common weals, is become a common (and in some men's opinions commendable) trade to live by.

Faithfulness is fled into exile, and falsehood vaunteth himself in his place, till he have gotten great sums of money into his hand, that he may play the bankeroute, to the undoing of such as trust him.

The Sabbath days, and holy days, ordained for the hearing of God's word to the reformation of our lives, for the administration of the sacraments to our comfort, for the seeking of all things behooveful to body or soul at God's hand by prayer, for the minding of his benefits, and to yield praise and thanks to him for the same, and finally for the special occupying of ourselves in all spiritual exercises, are spent full heathenishly, in taverning, tippling, gaming, playing, and beholding of bear-baiting and stage-plays, to the utter dishonour of God, impeachment of all godliness, and unnecessary consuming of men's substances, which ought to be better employed.

The want of orderly discipline and catechising hath either sent great numbers, both old and young, back again into Papistry, or let them run loose into godless atheism.

I fear me that if the Prophet Esay were here alive, he would tell us, as he sometimes told the Jews, that from the crown of our head to the sole of our foot, there is no whole or sound part in our body, but that all is full of sores, blains, and blotches. Think we then that such doings shall escape unpunished, or such buildings stand unshaken? Well may we deceive ourselves with so hoping: but God deceiveth not, neither is deceived. The axe is laid to the root of the tree; and the longer that God's vengeance is in coming, the sorer it smiteth when it is come.*

IV. PRAYERS AGAINST ANTICHRISTIAN TYRANNY AND CRUELTY.

Bow the hearts of all Kings and Princes of the earth to the obedience of thy dearly beloved Son Christ Jesus. If otherwise they show by plain effects that they belong not to thy fold, good Lord, make them feel thy hand, and find against whom they set themselves: let the blood of thy saints, which they shed without mercy, make them drunken to perdition. In mean time assist those that thou callest to this trial, that they may feel thy help and comfort amidst all their sufferings, whilst they shall be assured to be blessed when they suffer for righteousness' sake, and to reign with thy Son, when they fulfil his sufferings in their flesh, and carry in their bodies the scars and marks of his wounds. O Lord, sanctify their blood, that it may water thy church, and bring a mighty increase and gain to thyself, and a decrease and loss to the kingdom of Antichrist, and to the Princes of the earth, who are become

* Nearly three hundred years have elapsed since these complaints were uttered; and in many respects, allowing for the modifications produced by differences in habits and manners, how much is applicable still! Such evils spring from corrupt human nature, and there is but one cure for them. The light of science shines more distinctly and brightly, social and political institutions are improved, laws adapted more wisely to the real circumstances of man, education widely spread, and even outward Gospel knowledge advanced but nothing can remove evil fruits but what takes away the roots of bitterness. What are called improvements in society will only render these moral corruptions more decisive and visible, unless there be a corresponding promotion of the work of personal conversion in individuals. It is at this that all patriots and philanthropists ought earnestly and constantly to aim. All short of this is the attempt to wash the Ethiop white.ED. Y. I.

his slaves and butchers. And herein, good Lord, by special name we beseech thee for the churches of France, Flanders, and of such other places; help them after their long troubles as thou shalt see to be best for them in the advancing of thy glory.*

DIALOGUES ON CHEMISTRY. PART II.

DIALOGUE V.

Pupil. In resuming our chemical conversations, I should be glad if you would give the substance-a sort of resumé, if you like of what is to be said upon heat or caloric; embracing a brief reference to your former observations.

Teacher. Caloric, then, supposing it to be material, is a subtle, imponderable, and perfectly invisible fluid. Its particles so repel each other, that they have a constant tendency to fly off; and when communicated to other bodies, produce similar effects in them. It constantly tends to equilibrium. If a heated body is connected with one that is cold, heat is communicated by contact, till both are alike; the one becoming cooler, the other warmer. If one part of a body is hot, and the other cold, heat spreads by conduction, varying in the degree of quickness in different bodies. Where there is a body of heat in one place,-a fire, for instance, you feel the warmth at a distance; or, some substance being placed before it, becomes warm, or hot; heat is thus communicated by radiation.

P. The word temperature is often used. What does it mean?

T. Sometimes heat is said to be latent, when it is so mixed

The Protestants in France and the Netherlands were then experiencing the converting methods which Popery employs when it possesses power. The reader will likewise perceive that in those days the Church of England could publicly acknowledge, in solemn and authorized prayer, the church character of these continental Protestants. The petition is, not for individuals in a state of suffering and trial, but for the churches,-and they were not Episcopalian but Presbyterian,-yes, the churches of France and Flanders. We fear that it would be difficult to procure such an open recognition now.

up with the substance, as it were, as not to be at all sensible ; so that its existence can only be ascertained, and its quantity measured, by experiment. At others it is sensible, and free, so as to be readily communicated. The temperature of a body is an expression denoting the quantity, more or less, of sensible, free heat which it contains, and which, in proper circumstances, it can communicate. We thus speak of the temperature of the atmosphere, or of water, and so on.

P. A thermometer is an instrument for measuring the degree of heat, is it not? On what principle does it act?

T. It is. The principle is, the law by which heat causes the minute particles of a body to remove to a greater distance from each other, so that the volume is enlarged. This is usually shown by the use of spirits, in which heat acts more powerfully and quickly. Two or three points are fixed on a scale, marked arbitrarily with a certain number of degrees. Thus, between the points at which water boils, in those commonly used, and from their inventor called Fahrenheit's, and that at which it freezes, 180 degrees are marked, and below the lower, 32 more. The point at which the scale begins is zero, a cipher, nothing. Below zero, for convenience' sake, degrees of the same scale are measured downward -1, 2, 3, &c., below zero. Above zero, at 32, water freezes ; at 212, water boils. Ordinarily, on our scale, 55 is marked temperate; 76, summer-heat; (that is, on the average of our climate;) 93, the average heat of the blood; 112, fever-heat. P. When water boils, or is at 212, and remains on the fire, does it become hotter?

7. Not at all. The vaporifying process goes on more rapidly the water will soon, as they say, all boil away, but the temperature does not increase.

:

P. What, then, are the principal effects of heat?

T. In solid bodies, expansion; and at a certain degree of heat, liquefaction, or the conversion of certain solids into fluids; or, as we say, they are melted.

P. Can all bodies be thus liquefied?

T. Our powers of experimenting are confined within certain limits. But it seems, in the abstract, possible for all bodies to exist,—say, first, as gases, in which, by the connexion