the ground, across which is laid a long pole, and against it at an angle the pine-planks, (in the event of a pine not being to be had, then birch-bark or fir-branches must do,) and the snow which was shovelled out is packed round the outside to make all air-tight. The camp completed, the snow-shoes are stuck upright in the snow, at a sufficiently moderate distance to dry them gradually; the socks, &c., are hung upon the cross-beam overhead, and the venison and tabaugans so placed that wolves or lynxes may not take a fancy to them. Thus encompassed by a wall of snow some three feet high, and with one's feet towards a roaring fire, it is sufficiently snug; but towards morning, when the fire burns low, although your feet may be enjoying the luxury of an even temperature, your head and shoulders recline in that of some forty or fifty degrees below the freezing-point. When awakened, therefore, at intervals by the intensity of the cold, an armful of the dry pine-wood comes into play.-New Monthly Mag.

SAYINGS OF MOHAMMEDAN DOCTORS, &c.

A POET of the name of Basri wrote these verses on the diversion in which men of letters sometimes allowed themselves to indulge, for relief in the intervals of severe study :—

"Thy stretch'd and tired mind thou seek'st to unbend,
Hear, then, the counsel of thy warning friend:

Lest relaxation should become too sweet,

Still recollect the object of their use,

And that thou may'st be free from their abuse,
Let them be only salt unto thy meat."

D'Herbelot. Bib. Orient., Art. Basri.

Mohammed taught a singular mixture of warlike ferocity, and rapine, and liberality. To one who had been his slave, and whom he had enfranchised, tradition reports that he once said, "So conduct yourself that you may come before God poor rather than rich: it is the poor who hold the highest rank in his kingdom."-Ibid. Art. Belal.

Al Bosti, a didactic poet, wrote these sentences:— "Unlawful gain consumes that which is lawful.-He who

corrects his faults increases the spite of the envious.—When a man follows the movements of his anger, he soon entirely loses his virtue.—Acquiescence in the will of God, and submission to his judgments, should be at once the aim and rule of our conduct."-Ibid. Art. Bosti.

THE CRUSADES. No. IV.

CONCLUSION OF THE HISTORY OF THE

MULTITUDES

WHO

FOLLOWED PETER THE HERMIT AND WALTER HAVE-NOUGHT

THROUGH AUSTRIA, &C., TO ASIA.

THE army of Walter Have-nought, as for the sake of brevity it may be termed, constituted the advanced-guard of the Crusades. With Walter, seven cavaliers were associated: the remainder of his followers marched to the conquest of the East, depending for subsistence on the alms which they hoped to collect by the way. As long as they journeyed through Germany, they were not disappointed; but in the Hungarians and Bulgarians, on the banks of the Danube, the self-styled Israel met with new Amalekites.

The Hungarians, having migrated from Tartary, had a common origin with the Turks, and, like them, had rendered themselves formidable to the Christians. In the tenth century they had invaded Pannonia, and carried the ravages of war into some of the richest countries in Europe. The inhabitants, terrified by their prowess, regarded them as one of the plagues which were to be the precursors of the end of the world. But towards the commencement of the eleventh century, the invaders became more settled. They embraced the Christianity which they had persecuted, and began to exhibit the effects of its civilizing power. They founded cities, cultivated the land, recognised a country of their own, and ceased to be the terror of their neighbours. But though it was their boast that they could reckon a saint among their Monarchs, they were unaffected by the enthusiasm of the soldiers of the cross, and regarded with indifference the preparations of western Europe for the subjugation of Asia.

The Bulgarians descended from the ancient Sclavonians,

and had by turns protected and ravaged the empire of Constantinople. At the time of the Crusades, the Bulgarians professed submission to the rule of the Greek Emperor; but they contemned the laws, and despised the power, of their nominal masters. They were spread along the southern banks of the Danube; and, dwelling for the most part in inaccessible forests, preserved a savage independence. They had embraced the profession of Christianity, but scarcely regarded the Christians as their brethren. They had no respect for the laws of nations, nor even for the rights of hospitality; and during the two centuries which preceded the Crusades, they had been the terror of the pilgrims who travelled through their country towards Jerusalem.

As Walter's company proceeded, their wants became more pressing, and their prospects more gloomy. In Hungary they had found no sympathy. They had even met with insults; but Walter for a time succeeded in calming their minds, and persuaded them to bear reproach with resignation, and to leave its punishment to God. But soon after they entered Bulgaria, their wretchedness reached its height. They were totally destitute of provisions; and when the Governor of Belgrade absolutely refused them any supply, they spread themselves over the neighbourhood, drove off the cattle of the inhabitants, burned their houses, and slew all who opposed them. The irritated Bulgarians now flew to arms: they attacked the Crusaders, whose disorder was increased by their booty, and totally defeated them. A large number had taken refuge in a church, but they were not permitted to find it an asylum. Their foes set it on fire, and fourteen hundred perished in the flames: those who escaped the sword and the fire, sought for safety in flight. Walter now led the wreck of his army, by forced marches, through forests and deserts, where they experienced the miseries of destitution and hunger. But they were, happily for themselves, more amenable to discipline, believing that their disaster had come on them as a punishment from heaven. At Nissa, in the Greek empire, they presented themselves as humble suppliants before the Governor. Pitying their wretchedness, he relieved it. Passing over Mount Hemers, and by Adrianople, they

committed no new ravages, experienced no fresh disasters; and after two months of misery and fatigue, arrived under the walls of Constantinople. Alexis, the Emperor, allowed them to repose there, providing for them what they needed, and to await there the arrival of their companions.

The Crusaders who were under the immediate direction of Peter, and, as they thought, of heaven itself, passed through Bavaria and Austria, and by Hungary, and the course of the Danube. They soon experienced even greater calamities than their predecessors, as indeed their outrages soon became more violent. In Hungary they came in the traces of Walter's followers, and spots were pointed out where many of these had been slain. Peter was made acquainted with the threats denounced by the inhabitants against himself and his followers; but instead of preserving calmness and discipline, the only way of guarding against the imminent dangers to which they became every day more exposed, he sought to provoke the rage of his troops, and to rouse them to revenge. At Semlin, they found the bodies and accoutrements of six of Walter's men suspended at the gates. It shows the real spirit of Peter, and demonstrates how far his zeal for what were but the external accidents of Christianity, was removed from the true fervency of the Christian temper, that at this sight he could no longer contain himself, but at once gave out his war-cry, and excited his followers to the combat. Peter, at Semlin, appeared in his true character: at Clermont he might have been thought to be only a mistaken enthusiast, misled by an erroneous system of religion, but possessing, under all, the essential principles of Christian piety. But now it was evident that the passions of unregenerate man only wanted occasion to call them into activity, and he was seen as the blood-thirsty fanatic. The multitudes rushed on to indiscriminate carnage. More than four thousand of the inhabitants were slain, and their bodies, floating down the Danube, announced to the countries through which it ran, the horrible victory that had been gained. For some days the Crusaders remained in the almost dispeopled town, abandoning themselves to pillage, and to their impassioned joy in the triumph they had won. But this was

of short duration. The Hungarians hastened to avenge their slaughtered countrymen. Coloman, the reigning Monarch, gathered an army of one hundred thousand men, and marched rapidly towards the place. Destitute of all solid courage, the Crusaders rapidly fled, and hastened on their way through Bulgaria, where they mostly found that the inhabitants had fled to mountains and forests around them. By one of the towns there, however, a serious conflict took place, and on both sides there was a fearful carnage. Peter and the Magistrates endeavoured to put an end to it, by some amicable arrangement; but these men of the cross had become infuriate. Nothing could restrain them, till at length they were utterly. defeated. Numbers perished in the marshes, and multitudes became victims to the fury of a victorious enemy, burning for revenge. Peter had only thirty thousand left; and these pursued their way into Thrace, destitute of provisions, and almost destitute of arms. They feared the more populous route, lest they should meet with foes whom they could not resist; and the way of the desert afforded no means of support. Misery produced reflection. They sought only the supply of their necessary wants, and employed no other weapons than those of earnest petition. Their wretched condition obtained from pity, what could not have been won by force. Arrived within the Grecian territories, they met deputies of Alexis, and their journey as far as Constantinople was soon terminated. The Emperor admitted Peter to an audience, and heard him preach. He praised his zeal for the cross, furnished provision for his followers, and advised them all to remain till the arrival of the better-armed and more-disciplined troops.

In the meantime a third body of fanatics, under a German Priest, of the name of Godeschal, were following the steps of Peter, committing the same excesses, and experiencing the same bitter reverses. Arriving in Hungary, at the end of the harvest, they gave themselves up, first to pillage, and then to revelling in the fruits of their rapine. In the midst of tumultuous debauchery, they forgot Jerusalem. The army of Coloman, the King, awoke them from their dream. Wishing to preserve the lives of his own soldiers, the