CHAPTER VI. Of Circulating and Fixed Capital.

1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what,

2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating,

might be detrimental to the labourers,

3.

- this seldom if ever occurs,

PACE

127

130

134

CHAPTER VII. On what depends the degree of Productive-

ness of Productive Agents.

§ 1. Land, labour, and capital, are of different productiveness at
different times and places,

2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages,
greater energy of labour,

3.

-

139

140

145

147

152

CHAPTER VIII. Of Co-operation, or the Combination

of Labour.

§ 1. Combination of Labour a principal cause of superior produc-
tiveness,

4. The higher degrees of the division of labour,

5. Analysis of its advantages,

6. Limitations of the division of labour,

CHAPTER IX. Of Production on a Large, and

Production on a Small Scale.

§ 1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufac-
tures,

2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle, .

3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production,

4. Large and small farming compared,

CHAFTER X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labour.

1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of

three elements, Labour, Capital, and Land,

2. The Law of Population,

3. By what checks the increase of population is practically

limited, .

PAGE

205

206

208

CHAPTER XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.

§ 1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent,

2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of

accumulation,

3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire,

4. Exemplification of its excess,

213

215

218

226

CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Produc-

tion from Land.

§ 1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the

real limits to production,

229

2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing

return in proportion to the increased application of labour

and capital,

230

3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the

progress of improvements in production,

235

CHAPTER XIII. Consequences of the foregoing Laws.

§ 1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of

the principle of accumulation, .

2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of

inequality of property,

243

244

1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by

contract,

2. the validity of prescription,

3.

-

- the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance.

Question of inheritance examined,

4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?

5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of prop-

erty in moveables,

281

287

291

-

6. only valid on certain conditions, which are not always

realized. The limitations considered,

293

§ 1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes,

301

CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.

1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the prod

2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land,

3. Influence of custom on prices,

318

3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the

slave-owners,

CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.

§ 1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-

ing peasant properties,

2. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland,

CHAPTER VII. Continuation of the same subject.

§ 1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry,
2. in training intelligence,

-

3. in promoting forethought and self-control,

4. Their effect on population,

CHAPTER VIII. Of Metayers.

1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties,

2. Its advantages and inconveniences,

3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries,
4. Is its abolition 'desirable?

CHAPTER IX. Of Cottiers.

321

323

330

334

340

345

348

§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure,

396

2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nomi-

nal rents, .

399

-

3. which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or re-

CHAPTER X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy,

PAGE

1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors, . 409

2. Inapplicability of this advice to present circumstances,

CHAPTER XI. Of Wages.

§ Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour-in other
words, on population and capital,

417

420

2 Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages, 421

3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply re-

straints on population,

4. - which are in some cases legal,

-

5. in others the effect of particular customs,

-

6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labour-

ing class, .

428

432

434

437

CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.

§ 1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of

2.

-

would require as a condition, legal measures for repres-

sion of population, .

3. Allowances in aid of wages,

4. The Allotment System,

CHAPTER XIII. The Remedies for Low Wages further

considered.

§ 1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of pop-

3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring peo-

ple: by education,

4.

-

and by large measures of immediate relief, through for-

eign and home colonization,

CHAPTER XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in

different Employments.

1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attrac-

tiveness in different employments,

2. Differences arising from natural monopolies,

471

. 477