Negation in Natural Language

A. J. Ayer affirmation analogy argument Asymmetry Ayer Ayer's Chapter complex syntemically constituent negation correlative pair correlative set denial-or-rejection derived deserved the medal dimension of opposition disconfirming English evidence example explain explanatory connection function gender grammar of negation grammatical category grammatical negation grammatical opposition greater syntemic complexity Greenberg intuitions John kind Klima's Linguistic Universal logical logical negation marked and unmarked marked category marked relative meaning morphemically Mount Everest nega negation and nonnegation negation straightforwardly negation-nonnegation distinction negations or nonnegations negative element negative facts negative statements negative structures nonnegative sentences original sentence philosophical phonological distinction plural positive problem reasons reductivism relation rules S-thesis seems semantic interpretation semantics of negation sense sentence negation sentences as negations significance source sentences Stranger's string Suggestion surface sentence syntactic criterion syntactic distinction syntactic marked-unmarked distinction syntax tence tense tinction tion transformationally transformations true truth-function ungrammatical unmarked phoneme words zero