Extrusion of Aluminium AlloysSpringer Science & Business Media, 31 січ. 1999 р. - 420 стор. In recent years the importance of extruded alloys has increased due to the decline in copper extrusion, increased use in structural applications, environmental impact and reduced energy consumption. There have also been huge technical advances. This text provides comprehensive coverage of the metallurgical, mathematical and practical features of the process. |
Зміст
Introduction | 1 |
111 The origin of extrusion | 2 |
112 Extrusion presses for sheathing electric cables | 3 |
12 The thermomechanical process | 6 |
13 Direct and indirect extrusion | 7 |
131 Direct extrusion | 8 |
132 Indirect extrusion | 11 |
14 Extrusion of rods and solid shapes | 12 |
4122 Metallurgical aspects | 188 |
4123 Technological problems | 191 |
413 Limit diagrams | 198 |
Homogenization and extrusion conditions for specific alloys | 205 |
52 1XXX alloys | 206 |
53 2XXX alloys | 208 |
54 3XXX alloys | 216 |
55 4XXX alloys | 219 |
15 Extrusion of hollow sections | 14 |
16 The extrusion press | 16 |
162 Indirect presses | 20 |
Continuum principles | 24 |
22 Constitutive equations | 27 |
23 The extrusion pressure | 29 |
231 Bulk analysis | 30 |
232 The upperbound theorem | 31 |
233 Finiteelement solutions | 37 |
234 Comparison of finiteelement modelling with upperbound and slipline field techniques | 38 |
24 The friction coefficient | 48 |
25 Temperature models | 49 |
252 Heat balance in extrusion | 50 |
253 Finiteelement modelling predictions | 53 |
254 Thermal balance during extrusion predicted by integral profile techniques | 55 |
26 Diffusion | 61 |
261 Ficks laws of diffusion | 62 |
262 Solutions to the diffusion equation | 63 |
263 Problems in which D varies with composition | 66 |
Metallurgical features affecting the extrusion of aluminium alloys | 69 |
312 The 2XXX system | 70 |
313 The 3XXX system | 72 |
316 The AA6XXX system | 76 |
317 The A A7XXX system | 81 |
318 Aluminiumlithium alloys | 86 |
32 The DC cast state | 90 |
33 Homogenization | 93 |
331 Atomic movements and D | 95 |
332 Metallurgical consideration of homogenization | 102 |
34 Thermal activation | 110 |
35 Recovery and recrystallization | 113 |
351 Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization | 114 |
352 Microstructure | 115 |
36 Recrystallization and layer thickness after solution soaking | 116 |
37 Quench sensitivity | 119 |
Extrusion processing | 127 |
422 Theoretical considerations | 129 |
423 Comparison of compression and torsion in material assessment | 130 |
43 Material flow in extrusion | 136 |
44 The pressuredisplacement diagram | 140 |
45 The strain rate during extrusion | 141 |
46 Extrusion pressure practical considerations | 143 |
461 The effect of friction | 144 |
463 The effect of section shape | 146 |
47 Surface quality considerations | 151 |
48 Processstructure relationships | 156 |
49 Recrystallization | 160 |
492 Volume fraction recrystallization in the Ftemper and after solution soaking | 166 |
410 The relationship between process parameters and properties | 170 |
411 Material flow and inhomogeneity structural considerations | 176 |
4112 Substructura1 considerations | 179 |
4113 Extrudate structure | 183 |
4114 Subgrain size | 184 |
4115 Development of dislocation structure related to peak pressure | 185 |
412 Press quenching and press solutionizing | 186 |
56 5XXX alloys | 221 |
57 6XXX alloys | 227 |
582 AlZnMgCu alloys | 232 |
59 Aluminiumlithium alloys | 236 |
510 Extrudability limit and productivity diagrams | 238 |
5102 Limit diagrams | 240 |
5103 Productivity diagrams | 245 |
Processing of 6XXX alloys | 253 |
62 Alloys of specific applications | 261 |
622 Mediumstrength alloys | 263 |
63 Factors affecting quench sensitivity | 267 |
632 Recrystallization inhibitors | 269 |
633 Toughness | 270 |
64 Surface problems and surface generation | 272 |
642 Surface features | 274 |
643 Extrusion topology limit diagrams | 291 |
644 Summary | 293 |
65 Alternative metallurgical diagrams | 295 |
651 Possible phase transformations | 296 |
66 Texture | 301 |
67 Extrusion defects | 303 |
672 Recovery related defects | 307 |
673 Metallurgical defects visible after anodizing | 317 |
Plant utilization | 323 |
721 The extrusion press | 324 |
722 Ancillary equipment | 327 |
723 The extrusion process and parameter optimizing | 330 |
73 Press requirements | 331 |
731 Reliability | 332 |
733 Hydraulics | 335 |
74 Isothermal extrusion | 340 |
741 Process optimization | 342 |
742 Features required in a comprehensive process optimization | 343 |
743 Results of process optimization | 345 |
75 Expert systems | 351 |
751 An expert system applied to an extrusion press | 353 |
752 A typical system description | 354 |
76 Aspects of die design and correction | 357 |
761 Die stack considerations | 360 |
763 Process factors to consider before modifying the die | 370 |
77 Tool failure | 374 |
78 Scrap losses | 375 |
781 Extrusion losses | 376 |
782 Billet scrap | 378 |
79 Extrusion control in manufacturing profiles of complex shapes | 380 |
792 1mprovement of billet quality | 381 |
794 Extrusion condition | 382 |
7102 Extrusion section | 384 |
7103 Billet section | 385 |
International alloy designations and chemical composition limits for wrought aluminium and wrought aluminium alloys | 389 |
Conversion factors for some common units | 401 |
Temper designations | 405 |
| 409 | |
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Загальні терміни та фрази
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